A Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anaemia among patients at Tertiary Care Hospital

 

R. Sivasakthi¹*, J. Subadradevi¹, Saranya Shanmuga Priya¹, Raja²

¹Department of Pharmacy Practice, RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 641402.

²General Medicine, KG Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 641 018.

 

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: The prevalence of anaemia is high in developing countries due to poor economic, malnutrition, heredity diseases and pregnancy and reduced health care utilization. Increased Iron requirement and mal absorption of Iron also cause the Anaemia in chronic blood loss during menstrual periods. Methodology: A randomised, cross sectional study was conducted for 6 months Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.120 anaemic patients were screened for biochemical tests. Results: Out of 120 patients, 32% were male and 68% were female. Majority of patients fall under the age group of 17 to 30 years. The educational status indicates, 40% were high school and 35% were illiterate. Majority of the patients were ideal body weight in 38% and 34% were under over weight. The severity was analysed based on Hb value and found that, 8% patient were severe, 8% were moderate and 88% were in mild anaemia. The mean Hb value was found that 10.82 mg/dl. Only 40% of patients are taking the daily breakfast regularly and 42% of female patients not consuming red meat, fish and chicken. Serum ferritin value is only 5.8 ng/ml, MCV found that 72.30 fL and Hb is 10.82 g/dl. Conclusion: The health education on healthy diet and creating awareness on risk factors of anaemia helps to avaoid the severity and complications of anaemia. The effective Pharmaceutical care services on anaemic patients are essential to prevent the morbidity and mortality rate.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The world health Organisation defines the Adolescence are the age group of 10 to 19 years. The Physical, Mental, psychological changes occurs in the body during this period. Adult girls are the vulnerable person in this age due to menstrual blood loss along with household works, locking adequate food, shelter and education. The Prevalence of Anaemia is 43% in developing countries and is major health related problems in world wide. It may accurs at any age in individual life. Also Pregnant women and children are more prone to anaemia.

 

It may leads to poor cognitive function, physiological function and increased mortality rate. The other causes of anaemia are genetic, Socio-economic, Malnutrition, Malarial infection and auto immune disorders. In these above reasons, Iron deficiency anaemia is most commonly accurse in adult population.

 

The WHO report in 2001 indicates that, two billion individuals are suffered with anaemia in world wide. Iron Deficiency Anaemia is the common type and most prevalent and malnutrient disorder in the developing countries. The causes of Iron deficiency anaemia at age of puberty is by means of chronic blood loss, increased iron requirement and lock of iron intake. It may affect the intellectual skills, learning ability and work performance.

National family Health survey is a large scale, multi round survey conducted in a representative sample households throughout India and demonstrate that, 55% of Indian women affected with anaemia. In this, 39% were mild, 15% were moderate and 2% were severe anaemia. The previous study indicates that, 24.8% of the world population were affected with anaemia. The Pre-school age children are mostly affected with anaemia in 47.4% followed by Pregnancy women in 41.8%. Age factor also one of the causes in geriatric patient due to decrease of haemoglobin level, poor health and chances of adverse outcomes by means of multiple disease and multiple drugs. The motivation, Pharmaceutical care services and awareness programmes can increase the living standard and health related quality of life.

 

The population in all age groups are suffered with anaemia, but the majorly affected victims are pregnant women, pre-school children and women at childbearing age. Anaemia is one of the major health problem in the developing countries of the world. As per the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), every second Indian women is anaemic and one in every five maternal deaths is directly caused by anaemia. Hence, the awareness about anaemia is very essential to save the adult female and Pregnancy women. This study was planned to assess Socio demographic factors in relation to the problem of anaemia in adolescent females.

 

METHODOLOGY:

Study Design:

The Randomised cross-sectional study was conducted with 120 study population with age group of 17 to 25 years in both sex for the period of 6 months at KG Hospital, Coimbatore. The study designed to determine the factors and prevalence of anaemia among adult female patients and Pregnancy women by measuring the serum iron (SI), serum ferritin (SF), The Socio demographic data was collected to evaluate their Socio economic status and current health status of the patients. The heavy and clotted menstrual cycle, bleeding disorder patients were excluded.

 

Samples Collections:

5ml of venous blood was collected from each patient and divided into two tubes and 2ml was drawn into EDTA tubes to analysis the haematological parameters, and 3ml was drawn into a plain tube with no anticoagulant to measure serum iron (SI), serum ferritin (SF), Haematological and Biochemical Parameters are measured for Haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration by using 12 channel auto analyser.

 

RESULT:

Total of 120 study population were analysed for Anaemic. There was more number of female patients in 68% are affected than male patients 32%. It was shown in figure-1.

 

 

Fig 1: Gender distribution

 

The study found that, majority of the anaemic patients are under the age group of 17 to 30 years followed by 51 to 60 years of age. The educational qualification of the study population was assessed and found that, 40% of patients have high school and 35% of population were Illiterate. It also one of the reason for the prevalence of anaemic. Only 13% of population were completed degree. The results are given in figure 2.

 

 

Fig 2: Educational status of study Population.

 

The Social history of study population were assessed and found that, female patients were not taking the breakfast regularly. Only 10% of female patients taking vegetables and fruits frequently. The Consumption of red meat, fish, Chicken per week was found to only 8% in female and 17% in Male. It may be due to economic burden of the study population. Drinking of tea and Coffee after each meal was found 19% in female and 22% in male. It may decrease the absorption of Iron from the daily food. The results are given in Table 1.

 

 

Table 1: Social habits of study Population

S. No	Social Habits	Male				Female
		Yes		No		Yes		No
		(n)	(%)	(n)	(%)	(n)	(%)	(n)	(%)
1	Taking breakfast Regularly	28	23	61	51	12	10	19	16
2	Consuming Vegetables and fruits frequently	23	19	41	34	12	10	44	37
3	Red meat, Fish, Chicken/ per week	20	17	48	40	10	8	42	35
4	Drinking tea/ Coffee after Meal	27	22	42	35	23	19	28	24

The Body mass index in relation to anaemic was measured. Majority of the population were found that Normal weight (38%) and Obesity patients were 34%, Underweight patient were found with 18% in the study Population. It was shown in Table 2.

 

Table 2: Distribution of BMI in study Population

S. No	Parameters	Number of Patients (n)	% of Patients (%)
1	Under weight (< 18.5)	22	18
2	Normal weight (18.5 -22.9)	46	38
3	Over weight (23 – 24.9)	40	34
4	Obesity (> 25)	12	10

 

The severity of the anaemia was measured based on the Haemoglobin value. It found that, 88% of the patients were mild and 8% of the study population were moderate and only 8% of patients have severe anaemia. It may be due to Malnutrition and Chronic Loss of blood in menstrual cycle. It was given in Table 3.

 

Table 3: Severity of Anaemia in study Population

S. No	Severity types based on Hb (mg/dl)	Number of Patients (n)	% of Patients (%)
1	Mild Male = 11 – 12.9 Female = 10 – 11.9	106	88
2	Moderate (8 – 10.9)	10	08
3	Severe (< 8)	04	04

 

The haematological test were performed with study population and found that, haemoglobin level is decreased in female patients. Serum Ferritin value is decreased very low. It may due to increased Iron requirement and less intake of Iron containing foods. It was tabulated in table 4.

 

Table 4: Level of Hb, SF, MCV among the study population

S. No	Haematological Value	Male	Female	P- Value
1	Hb (gm/dl) Mean ± SD Normal = 13.0	12.01±0.70	10.85±0.64	˂0.001
2	MCV (fL) Mean ± SD Normal = 88.0	72.41±4.30	73.40±3.42	˂0.001
3	SF (ng/ml) Normal= 35.0	5.35	5.80	˂0.001

 

The study indicates that, Irregular consumption of breakfast, infrequent consumption of Vegetables and fruits, inability to eat Red meat, Fish, Chicken once in a week and Drinking tea/ Coffee after Meal are major causes of decrease the iron content and leads to anaemia.

 

CONCLUSION:

The study found that, the causes of Iron deficiency anaemia at age of puberty is by means of chronic blood loss, increased iron requirement and lock of iron intake. It may affect the intellectual skills, learning ability and work performance. Hence, the study recommends to create the awareness by Education programme and implement the Pharmaceutical Care services for prevent the prevalence of anaemia and improve the Quality of life of the anaemic patients.

 

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

 

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Received on 30.12.2021       Modified on 21.01.2022

Accepted on 08.02.2022     ©A&V Publications All right reserved